Forrest-Klassifikation
Dr. Shannon Melissa Chan
Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Forrest-Klassifikation
The Forrest Classification was first described in 1974 by J.A. Forrest et al. in TheLancet1. This classification is a widely used classification of ulcer-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It was initially developed to unify the description of ulcer bleeding for better communication amongst endoscopists. However, the Forrest Classification is now used as a tool to identify patients who are at an increased risk for bleeding, rebleeding and mortality2–4.
Forrest Classification | |
Acute haemorrhage Forrest Ia Forrest Ib | Active spurter Active oozing |
Signs of recent haemorrhage Forrest IIa Forrest IIb Forrest IIc | Non-bleeding visible vessel Adherent clot Flat pigmented haematin on ulcer base |
Lesions without active bleeding Forrest III | Clean-based ulcer |
Example illustrations













Literatur:
- Forrest, JA.; Finlayson, ND.; Shearman, DJ. (Aug 1974). ‘Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding’. Lancet. 2 (7877): 394–7.
- Rockall, TA, Logan, RF, Devlin, HB et al. ‘Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage’. Gut 1996; 38: 316–21.
- Guglielmi A, Ruzzenente, A, Sandri, M et al. ‘Risk assessment and prediction of rebleeding in bleeding gastroduodenal ulcer’. Endoscopy 2002; 34: 778–86.